Background: Elderly people are in need of several drugs due to physiological changes and multiple chronic diseases. Studies have shown that Anticholinergic drugs can cause cognitive impairment, reduced physical activity, and increased mortality in elderly population. Paying attention to the Anticholinergic medication use in older adults can prevent the occurrence of adverse events and increase the quality of health care. This study was conducted to quantify exposure to Anticholinergic medicines in older people in Amirkola. Methods: This study is a part of the comprehensive cohort project that was being conducted from 2011 on the case patients of 60 years and above that referred to the Amirkola Health Center. A total of 1532 individuals were included, of whom 54. 9% were men. The drug information was obtained by observing the patient’, s prescription and self-report questionnaires and collected data were analyzed by SPSS software. Exposure to Anticholinergic medications was measured using the drug burden index-Anticholinergic (DBI-Ach) and the Anticholinergic drug scale (ADS). Results: Among the 1532 elderly people with an average age of 69. 21 years, 29% had DBI>0 and 36. 3% had ADS>0. Also, there was a significant correlation between DBI and ADS (R=0. 758). In addition, there is a significant relationship between sex variable with DBI and ADS (P=0. 0001). So, women in comparison with men had higher values of DBI and ADS. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that Anticholinergic exposure is relatively high especially in older women, which posed special precautions to avoid inappropriate prescribing in the elderly.

Introduction: Antipsychotic drugs have an important role in psychiatric treatment. Their side effects such as drug induced Parkinsonism, which has been a historical challenge for patients and physicians, account a major cause of treatment rejection by the patients. drug induced Parkinsonism is the second cause of Parkinson syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate antipsychotic induced Parkinsonism in patients with schizophrenia. Material and Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study was done in the year 1999 in Noor and Shariaty Hospitals of Isfahan. 200 patients with schizophrenia, affected with Parkinsonism complication, were investigated. Variables were sex, age, dosage and group of drug, duration of treatment, Parkinsonism criteria and simultaneous anti cholinergic prescription. Data was gathered in a questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics and frequency distribution tables.Results: 122men and 78 women were studied. 26.5% of patients had drug induced Parkinsonism, which was mostly seen in women (32% versus 22.9% in men), higher age (10-19 years: 0%, 50 years and higher: 33%), and when Anticholinergic was not used simultaneously (35.7% versus 25% in Anticholinergic users group). Prevalence of Parkinsonism, in high, medium, and low drug potentials was 28.7%, 29.4% and 19.2%, respectively. Differences in all of the above groups were not significant. Prevalence increased in dosage of less than 100mg (chlorpromazine equivalent dosage) versus 101-300mg (p>0.05), and in 3-6 months after onset of treatment (p<0.05). The most prevalence criterion was rigidity (84.9%). Parkinsonism was diagnosed in 11.76% of patients using atypical drug (clozapin).Conclusion: Anti psychotic induced Parkinsonism increased in higher ages, women and when Anticholinergic was not used simultaneously. This side effect was found in all groups even with clozapin. It had a greater prevalence in the beginning of treatment but decreased with treatment continuation and Anticholinergic prescription. Future studies particularly on the atypical groups are suggested.

Background and Objective: Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is one kind of drug rashes that is characterized by re-appearance of the lesions on the same sites after re-exposure to the causative drug. This study was performed to evaluate the epidemiologic characteristics of FDE. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done on a series of 100FDE cases, whom were admitted at the outpatient dermatology clinic of Hazrat-e-Rasoul Hospital over a six-year period. The primary diagnosis of FDE was suggested according to clinical findings including a remaining hyperpigmentation at the site of healed skin lesion(s). Oral challenge test with a single low dose administration of the suspected drug was used to confinn the diagnosis. Recurrence of the lesion(s) at the same body area(s) was considered as positive result. Results: Most commonly causative agents were co-trimoxazole and codein, which were found in 88% and 3% FDE cases; respectively. The most common site of involvement was penile glans in 57.7% of male patients and trunk in 48.3% of females. In one patient, reaction to multiple drugs including co-trimoxazole, codein and tetracycline was observed and after re-challenge with each drug, re-appearance of the skin lesion at the same site was evident. Several patients reported concomitant acetaminophen intake, but there was no reaction to that drug. Conclusion: Co-trimoxazole is the most common cause of FDE.      

The purpose in this study was the constructing and reliability of the measurement scale of the drug -dependency treatment improvement in referring to the center of Shiraz drug –dependency treatment. Research method was cross section survey. the population of the study was include all drug – dependency persons who had referred to the center of Shiraz drug – dependency treatment that were 20000 persons. The sample group for this study consist of 470 persons who had referred to the center of Shiraz drug – dependency treatment sampling method was step to step cluster. The instrument used for data collection was self – construct questionary. In this the study evaluated content validity, apparent validity, construct validity, cronbach alfa, split half. Data collected was analyzed based analyze factor, cronbach alfa, split half. the results of this study showed that factor loading in all questions is more of 0/5, cronbach alfa=%92, split half %66. Result of this study showed that the scale had suitable validity and reliability